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Amazon AWS Certified DevOps Engineer - Professional Sample Questions (Q94-Q99):

NEW QUESTION # 94
A company needs to implement failover for its application. The application includes an Amazon CloudFront distribution and a public Application Load Balancer (ALB) in an AWS Region. The company has configured the ALB as the default origin for the distribution.
After some recent application outages, the company wants a zero-second RTO. The company deploys the application to a secondary Region in a warm standby configuration. A DevOps engineer needs to automate the failover of the application to the secondary Region so that HTTP GET requests meet the desired RTO.
Which solution will meet these requirements?

A. Create a second CloudFront distribution that has the secondary ALB as the default origin. Create Amazon Route 53 alias records that have a failover policy and Evaluate Target Health set to Yes for both CloudFront distributions. Update the application to use the new record set.
B. Create Amazon Route 53 alias records that have a failover policy and Evaluate Target Health set to Yes for both ALBs. Set the TTL of both records to 0. Update the distribution's origin to use the new record set.
C. Create a new origin on the distribution for the secondary ALB. Create a new origin group. Set the original ALB as the primary origin. Configure the origin group to fail over for HTTP 5xx status codes.
Update the default behavior to use the origin group.
D. Create a CloudFront function that detects HTTP 5xx status codes. Configure the function to return a 307 Temporary Redirect error response to the secondary ALB if the function detects 5xx status codes.Update the distribution's default behavior to send origin responses to the function.

Answer: C

Explanation:
Explanation
The best solution to implement failover for the application is to use CloudFront origin groups. Origin groups allow CloudFront to automatically switch to a secondary origin when the primary origin is unavailable or returns specific HTTP status codes that indicate a failure1. This way, CloudFront can serve the requests from the secondary ALB in the secondary Region without any delay or redirection. To set up origin groups, the DevOps engineer needs to create a new origin on the distribution for the secondary ALB, create a new origin group with the original ALB as the primary origin and the secondary ALB as the secondary origin, and configure the origin group to fail over for HTTP 5xx status codes. Then, the DevOps engineer needs to update the default behavior to use the origin group instead of the single origin2.
The other options are not as effective or efficient as the solution in option B. Option A is not suitable because creating a second CloudFront distribution will increase the complexity and cost of the application. Moreover, using Route 53 alias records with a failover policy will introduce some delay in detecting and switching to the secondary CloudFront distribution, which may not meet the zero-second RTO requirement. Option C is not feasible because CloudFront does not support using Route 53 alias records as origins3. Option D is not advisable because using a CloudFront function to redirect the requests to the secondary ALB will add an extra round-trip and latency to the failover process, which may also not meet the zero-second RTO requirement.
References:
1: Optimizing high availability with CloudFront origin failover - Amazon CloudFront
2: Creating an origin group - Amazon CloudFront
3: Values That You Specify When You Create or Update a Web Distribution - Amazon CloudFront

NEW QUESTION # 95
A company has an organization in AWS Organizations. The organization includes workload accounts that contain enterprise applications. The company centrally manages users from an operations account. No users can be created in the workloadaccounts. The company recently added an operations team and must provide the operations team members with administrator access to each workload account.
Which combination of actions will provide this access? (Choose three.)

A. In the operations account, create an IAM user group that is named SysAdmins. Add an IAM policy that allows the sts:AssumeRole action for the SysAdmin role in each workload account. Add all operations team members to the group.
B. Create an Amazon Cognito identity pool in the operations account. Attach the SysAdmin role as an authenticated role.
C. In the operations account, create an IAM user for each operations team member.
D. Create a SysAdmin role in the operations account. Attach the AdministratorAccess policy to the role.
Modify the trust relationship to allow the sts:AssumeRole action from the workload accounts.
E. Create a SysAdmin role in each workload account. Attach the AdministratorAccess policy to the role.
Modify the trust relationship to allow the sts:AssumeRole action from the operations account.
F. Create an Amazon Cognito user pool in the operations account. Create an Amazon Cognito user for each operations team member.

Answer: A,C,E

Explanation:
https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/tutorial_cross-account-with-roles.html

NEW QUESTION # 96
A company is using AWS CodeDeploy to automate software deployment. The deployment must meet these requirements:
* A number of instances must be available to serve traffic during the deployment Traffic must be balanced across those instances, and the instances must automatically heal in the event of failure.
* A new fleet of instances must be launched for deploying a new revision automatically, with no manual provisioning.
* Traffic must be rerouted to the new environment to half of the new instances at a time. The deployment should succeed if traffic is rerouted to at least half of the instances; otherwise, it should fail.
* Before routing traffic to the new fleet of instances, the temporary files generated during the deployment process must be deleted.
* At the end of a successful deployment, the original instances in the deployment group must be deleted immediately to reduce costs.
How can a DevOps engineer meet these requirements?

A. Use an Application Load Balancer and a blue/green deployment. Associate the Auto Scaling group and the Application Load Balancer target group with the deployment group. Use the Automatically copy Auto scaling group option, and use CodeDeployDefault.HalfAtAtime as the deployment configuration.
Instruct AWSCodeDeploy to terminate the original instances in the deployment group, and use the BeforeAlIowTraffic hook within appspec.yml to delete the temporary tiles.
B. Use an Application Load Balancer and a blue/green deployment. Associate the Auto Scaling group and Application Load Balancer target group with the deployment group. Use the Automatically copy Auto Scaling group option, create a custom deployment configuration with minimum healthy hosts defined as
50%. and assign the configuration to the deployment group. Instruct AWS CodeDeploy to terminate the original instances in the deployment group, and use the BeforeBlockTraffic hook within appspec.yml to delete the temporary files.
C. Use an Application Load Balancer and an in-place deployment. Associate the Auto Scaling group with the deployment group. Use the Automatically copy Auto Scaling group option. and use CodeDeployDefault.OneAtAtime as the deployment configuration. Instruct AWS CodeDeploy to terminate the original instances in the deployment group, and use the AllowTraffic hook within appspec.
yml to delete the temporary files.
D. Use an Application Load Balancer and an in-place deployment. Associate the Auto Scaling group and Application Load Balancer target group with the deployment group. Use the Automatically copy Auto Scaling group option, and use CodeDeployDefaulLAIIatOnce as a deployment configuration. Instruct AWS CodeDeploy to terminate the original instances in the deployment group, and use the BlockTraffic hook within appspec.yml to delete the temporary files.

Answer: A

Explanation:
Step 1: Use a Blue/Green Deployment StrategyA blue/green deployment strategy is necessary to meet the requirement of launching a new fleet of instances for each deployment and ensuring availability. In a blue
/green deployment, the new version (green environment) is deployed to a separate set of instances, while the old version (blue environment) remains active. After testing the new version, traffic can be gradually shifted.
Action: Use AWS CodeDeploy's blue/green deployment configuration.
Why: Blue/green deployment minimizes downtime and ensures that traffic is shifted only to healthy instances.
Reference: AWS documentation on Blue/Green Deployment.
Step 2: Use an Application Load Balancer and Auto Scaling GroupThe Application Load Balancer (ALB) is essential to balance traffic across multiple instances, and Auto Scaling ensures the deployment scales automatically to meet demand.
Action: Associate the Auto Scaling group and Application Load Balancer target group with the deployment group.
Why: This configuration ensures that traffic is evenly distributed and that instances automatically scale based on traffic load.
Reference: AWS documentation on Deploying with Auto Scaling and Load Balancing.
Step 3: Use Custom Deployment ConfigurationThe company requires that traffic be rerouted to at least half of the instances to succeed. AWS CodeDeploy allows you to configure custom deployment settings with specific thresholds for healthy hosts.
Action: Create a custom deployment configuration where 50% of the instances must be healthy.
Why: This ensures that the deployment continues only if at least 50% of the new instances are healthy.
Reference: AWS documentation on Deployment Configurations.
Step 4: Clean Temporary Files Using HooksBefore routing traffic to the new environment, the temporary files generated during the deployment must be deleted. This can be achieved using the BeforeAllowTraffic hook in the appspec.yml file.
Action: Use the BeforeAllowTraffic lifecycle event hook to clean up temporary files before routing traffic to the new environment.
Why: This ensures that the environment is clean before the new instances start serving traffic.
Reference: AWS documentation on AppSpec File Hooks.
Step 5: Terminate Original Instances After DeploymentAfter a successful deployment, AWS CodeDeploy can automatically terminate the original instances (blue environment) to save costs.
Action: Instruct AWS CodeDeploy to terminate the original instances after the new instances are healthy.
Why: This helps in cost reduction by removing unused instances after the deployment.
Reference: AWS documentation on Terminate Old Instances.
This corresponds to Option C: Use an Application Load Balancer and a blue/green deployment. Associate the Auto Scaling group and the Application Load Balancer target group with the deployment group. Use the Automatically copy Auto Scaling group option, and use CodeDeployDefault.HalfAtATime as the deployment configuration. Instruct AWS CodeDeploy to terminate the original instances in the deployment group, and use the BeforeAllowTraffic hook within appspec.yml to delete the temporary files.

NEW QUESTION # 97
A company runs its container workloads in AWS App Runner. A DevOps engineer manages the company's container repository in Amazon Elastic Container Registry (Amazon ECR).
The DevOps engineer must implement a solution that continuously monitors the container repository. The solution must create a new container image when the solution detects an operating system vulnerability or language package vulnerability.
Which solution will meet these requirements?

A. Use EC2 Image Builder to create a container image pipeline. Use Amazon ECR as the target repository.
Enable Amazon GuardDuty Malware Protection on the container workload. Create an Amazon EventBridge rule to capture a GuardDuty finding event. Use the event to invoke the image pipeline.
B. Create an AWS CodeBuild project to create a container image. Use Amazon ECR as the target repository. Turn on basic scanning on the repository. Create an Amazon EventBridge rule to capture an ECR image action event. Use the event to invoke the CodeBuild project. Re-upload the container to the repository.
C. Create an AWS CodeBuild project to create a container image. Use Amazon ECR as the target repository. Configure AWS Systems Manager Compliance to scan all managed nodes. Create an Amazon EventBridge rule to capture a configuration compliance state change event. Use the event to invoke the CodeBuild project.
D. Use EC2 Image Builder to create a container image pipeline. Use Amazon ECR as the target repository.
Turn on enhanced scanning on the ECR repository. Create an Amazon EventBridge rule to capture an Inspector2 finding event. Use the event to invoke the image pipeline. Re-upload the container to the repository.

Answer: D

Explanation:
The solution that meets the requirements is to use EC2 Image Builder to create a container image pipeline, use Amazon ECR as the target repository, turn on enhanced scanning on the ECR repository, create an Amazon EventBridge rule to capture an Inspector2 finding event, and use the event to invoke the image pipeline. Re- upload the container to the repository.
This solution will continuously monitor the container repository for vulnerabilities using enhanced scanning, which is a feature of Amazon ECR that provides detailed information and guidance on how to fix security issues found in your container images. Enhanced scanning uses Inspector2, a security assessment service that integrates with Amazon ECR and generates findings for any vulnerabilities detected in your images. You can use Amazon EventBridge to create a rule that triggers an action when an Inspector2 finding event occurs. The action can be to invoke an EC2 Image Builder pipeline, which is a service that automates the creation of container images. The pipeline can use the latest patches and updates to build a new container image and upload it to the same ECR repository, replacing the vulnerable image.
The other options are not correct because they do not meet all the requirements or use services that are not relevant for the scenario.
Option B is not correct because it uses Amazon GuardDuty Malware Protection, which is a feature of GuardDuty that detects malicious activity and unauthorized behavior on your AWS accounts and resources.
GuardDuty does not scan container images for vulnerabilities, nor does it integrate with Amazon ECR or EC2 Image Builder.
Option C is not correct because it uses basic scanning on the ECR repository, which only provides a summary of the vulnerabilities found in your container images. Basic scanning does not use Inspector2 or generate findings that can be captured by Amazon EventBridge. Moreover, basic scanning does not provide guidance on how to fix the vulnerabilities.
Option D is not correct because it uses AWS Systems Manager Compliance, which is a feature of Systems Manager that helps you monitor and manage the compliance status of your AWS resources based on AWS Config rules and AWS Security Hub standards. Systems Manager Compliance does not scan container images for vulnerabilities, nor does it integrate with Amazon ECR or EC2 Image Builder.

NEW QUESTION # 98
A development team wants to use AWS CloudFormation stacks to deploy an application. However, the developer IAM role does not have the required permissions to provision the resources that are specified in the AWS CloudFormation template. A DevOps engineer needs to implement a solution that allows the developers to deploy the stacks. The solution must follow the principle of least privilege.
Which solution will meet these requirements?

A. Create an AWS CloudFormation service role that has the required permissions. Grant the developer IAM role a cloudformation:* action. Use the new service role during stack deployments.
B. Create an AWS CloudFormation service role that has the required permissions. Grant the developer IAM role the iam:PassRole permission. Use the new service role during stack deployments.
C. Create an IAM policy that allows full access to AWS CloudFormation. Attach the policy to the developer IAM role.
D. Create an IAM policy that allows the developers to provision the required resources. Attach the policy to the developer IAM role.

Answer: B

Explanation:
https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSCloudFormation/latest/UserGuide/using-iam-servicerole.html

NEW QUESTION # 99
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